See a list of terms and descriptions T-W from the Teaching Knowledge Database.

Learner in Egypt doing a language exercise at a desk

Transformation exercise

A transformation exercise is an exercise where learners are given one sentence and need to complete a second sentence so that it means the same.

Student in Portugal speaking with her teacher

Turn-taking

A turn is the time when a speaker is talking and turn-taking is the skill of knowing when to start and finish a turn in a conversation.

A student speaking in a library

Unvoiced consonants

Unvoiced consonants are consonant sounds that are made without vibrating the vocal chords.

Students sitting at desks taking a test in classroom in India

Validity

A test's validity refers to how good it is.

Male teacher in South Korea showing a picture book to learners

Visual aid

Visual aids can be defined in two ways: as a picture or a diagram you show learners to help their understanding, or in a broader sense as anything you show learners in a classroom to do this.

Research and insight

Browse fascinating case studies, research papers, publications and books by researchers and ELT experts from around the world.

See our publications, research and insight