See a list of terms and descriptions N-P from the Teaching Knowledge Database.

Woman taking a test in a classroom

Norm-referenced test

A norm-referenced test measures a candidate's mark against what other people are achieving in the same test.

Students in a classroom in Ghana

Noticing

When learners "notice" new language, they pay special attention to its form, use and meaning.

Two students in a classroom in Kuwait

Noun clause

A noun clause is a clause that is used in the same way as a noun or a pronoun.

A student taking a computer-based test

Objective test

An objective test is a test that has right or wrong answers and so can be marked objectively.

Teacher writing on IWB in classroom

Observation checklist

An observation checklist is a list of things that an observer is going to look at when observing a class.

Young learners playing with soft toy animals

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia refers to words that have a sound that represents what the word means.

Teacher standing in front of class at whiteboard

Open class

An open class activity is an activity which is carried out with the whole group participating together with the teacher, rather than in closed groups or closed pairs.

A pair of students talk together while another student listens

Open pairs

An open pair is a pair of learners working together with the rest of the group observing.

Research and insight

Browse fascinating case studies, research papers, publications and books by researchers and ELT experts from around the world.

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