Logical/mathematical intelligence is one of the many types of intelligence described in multiple intelligence theory. People with significant logical/mathematical intelligence are often good at logical reasoning and scientific investigation.
For example
A student with strong logical/mathematical intelligence may ask a lot of questions as they organise and categorise new information about language.
In the classroom
Certain approaches may be more suited to learners with strong logical/mathematical intelligence, for example the inductive approach, where learners find rules themselves from examples of the language.
Further links:
https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/three-wishes-how-make-them-come-true
https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/thinking-frames-2-logical-levels